Corporate law
Paris Court of Economic Affairs (Tribunal des affaires économiques de Paris): entry into force of a new protocol for disputes on the merits
On 19 December 2024, the Bar, the Clerk's Office (greffe) and the Paris Commercial Court signed a new protocol relating to the introduction and scheduling of disputes on the merits, with the aim of reducing the average time taken to process these cases.
The protocol concerns the settlement of disputes on the merits (and not summary proceedings, claims and injunctions to pay) and will apply to new cases filed after its implementation, which is scheduled to take place in stages from 1 January 2025. Firstly, it aims to improve the organisation of the filing of cases by introducing a procedure for the scheduling of dates. As soon as this function is operational on the ‘digital court’, the date will be scheduled on the commercial court platform.
The case will then be placed at the clerk's office by electronic transmission (Word or PDF text format) or, if this is not possible, by filing the copy of the summons with the reservation number at the clerk's office.
The protocol also changes the way in which cases are instructed, where representation by a lawyer is mandatory, based on the provisions of articles 446-1 to 446-4 of the French Code of Civil Procedure. As soon as the case is introduced, the parties will be proposed an amicable way of resolving the dispute. In the absence of conciliation, the court will exempt the parties from attending subsequent pre-trial hearings and, after obtaining the opinion of the parties, it will set a calendar for exchanges depending on the complexity of the case. Subject to certain exceptions, the exchanges will have to take place electronically.
Corporate law
New provisions on amicable liquidation proceedings and transfer of company assets (TUP)
Amicable liquidation and universal transfer of assets (TUP) procedures are sometimes misused by fraudulent companies facing tax and social security reassessments, which they seek to elude.
To prevent such misuse, the decree of 7th July 2024 makes it compulsory to publish the dissolution giving rise to a TUP procedure in the “Bulletin officiel des annonces civiles et commerciales” (BODACC) and to produce certificates of social security and tax compliance when closing the amicable liquidation procedure.
As a result, article 8 of decree no. 78-704 is amended to make it compulsory to publish the dissolution giving rise to a TUP procedure only in the BODACC and no longer in a legal gazette, in order to enhance the publicity given to the procedure and the information provided to creditors.
The text also amends article 10 of the same decree and article R. 237-7 of the French Commercial Code (for commercial companies) to make it compulsory to produce a certificate of social regularity and a tax certificate attesting that the accounts are fully updated when the amicable liquidation is closed, as part of this procedure, which takes place without the intervention of a judge. Although the company must not have any debts and must have enough assets to pay all its liabilities, there is no obligation to certify that, a situation that the decree seeks to correct with this new obligation.
These provisions will come into force on 1st October 2024.
Corporate law
Conditions under which former members of a civil company (société civile) are held liable for the company's debts.
In a recent decision, the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) ruled that shareholders in a civil partnership who have transferred their shares may be held liable for the company's debts that became due and payable before the date of the transfer, without any need to justify unsuccessful legal proceedings against the company prior to that date.
Corporate law
General Meeting of a Société Anonyme: the failure to establish a quorum is not equivalent to a lack of quorum
The Extraordinary General Meeting of a Société Anonyme is deemed valid only if the shareholders present or represented hold at least one-quarter of the shares with voting rights on first call and one-fifth on second call (French Commercial Code, art. L. 225-96, para. 2). Resolutions adopted in breach of this rule are null and void (French Commercial Code, art. L. 225-96, para. 1).
The shareholders of a Société Anonyme requested the nullity of an Extraordinary General Meeting, arguing that the meeting officers had failed to ensure that a quorum was met.
Their claim has been rejected: only the adoption of resolutions by the Extraordinary General Meeting without respecting the quorum can lead to nullity; however, the plaintiffs did not argue that the quorum had not been met, but only that the officers of the meeting had failed to ascertain its presence.
Corporate law
Alternative arbitration clause and attribution of jurisdiction: the court may be seized
In a recent decision, the Paris Court of Appeal stated that, in the event of an alternative clause providing for recourse to arbitration to settle disputes arising from the contract, while reserving the parties the option of submitting their dispute to the national court in the event of disagreement, the court may be seized to establish the existence of such disagreement.
Corporate law
Commercial agents unable to continue working for health reasons are entitled to indemnification
The In a recent decision, the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) ruled that in the event that a commercial agent terminates his contract for health reasons, he retains his entitlement to the contract termination indemnity, even if he is not completely unable to carry out any activity, as long as he can no longer reasonably pursue his activity as an agent.
Tax
Research tax credit (“crédit d'impôt recherche - CIR”): sub-contracted expenses can only be taken into account if they have been paid during the financial year
According to the Toulouse Administrative Court of Appeal, sub-contracted expenses can only be taken into account in calculating the research tax credit (“crédit d'impôt recherche – CIR”) in respect of a given financial year if they are actually paid in that same year.
Tax
Denial of tax exemption to non-residents is subject to the contradictory procedure
When non-resident contributors claim an exemption on the basis of a bilateral tax treaty in a letter attached to their wealth tax (“Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune – ISF”) declaration, the contradictory rectification procedure must be implemented (French Supreme Court 18-9-2024 no. 23-10.515 F-D).
Employment law
The duration of fixed-term contracts, even if discontinuous, is deducted from the trial period provided for in any permanent contract subsequently entered into.
In a recent decision, the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) has reiterated the conditions for the implementation of the trial period in the event of a succession of previous contracts, confirming its case law in this matter.
In particular, on expiry of one or more fixed-term employment contracts (CDD), the employee may be hired, without any delay, on a permanent contract (CDI) by the company in which he or she was working. In this case, the duration of the fixed-term contract(s) has to be deducted from any trial period provided for in the new employment contract (French Labor Code, art. L 1243-11, para. 3), even if the various contracts are separated by short periods of interruption. The deduction of the duration of previous fixed-term contracts from the trial period of the new contract is even more applicable in the event of new recruitment on a fixed-term contract following immediately successive fixed-term contracts. However, except in cases of fraud, the employer does not have to reduce the trial period if the new contract is for a different position requiring the employee to have different qualifications and skills.
Employment law
A recording made without the employer's awareness can be used to prove a work-related accident
The plenary session of the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) recently ruled that, in civil proceedings, the unlawfulness of obtaining or producing evidence does not necessarily mean that it should be excluded from the proceedings. The court must, when requested to do so, assess whether such evidence undermines the fairness of the proceedings as a whole, by balancing the right to evidence against the conflicting rights involved. The right to evidence may justify the production of evidence that undermines other rights, provided that such production is essential to the exercise of that right and that the violation is strictly proportionate to the aim pursued.
In a judgment of 6 June 2024, the Second Civil Chamber of the French Supreme Court applied this solution for the first time to disputes concerning work-related accidents. It approved the Court of Appeal's (Cour d’appel) ruling that an employee could produce an audio recording made without the knowledge of the director of the company with whom he had had an altercation, in order to obtain recognition both of the work-related nature of the accident resulting from this altercation and of the employer's inexcusable fault, after observing that the court had carefully balanced the director's right to respect for his private life and the victim's right to evidence.
Employment law
Repeated sexist comments by an employee are culpable and justify dismissal
An employee who repeatedly insults colleagues using mildly sexist language is guilty of misconduct justifying dismissal, regardless of the employer's past tolerance.
Employment law
No compensation for notice for an employee who refuses a change in working conditions
An employee who refuses a simple change in working conditions may be dismissed for misconduct. In this case, the employer may require that the notice period, if any, be performed under the new working conditions. An employee who refuses loses all entitlement to compensation for notice (French Supreme Court, Labour Division, 23-10-2024 no. 22-22.917 F-D, Association Essor c/ E).
Real estate law
Consequences of an ancient promise to sell: revocation and invalidity of the price
It is impossible for the promisor to withdraw from the unilateral undertaking to sell unless otherwise stipulated in the contract. Whether the price is too low is determined at the date of the unilateral undertaking to sell and not, as in matters of lesion, at the date of exercise of the option.
Real estate law
The seller's right to occupancy compensation is not conditional on absence of fault on his part
While the seller's bad faith does not deprive him of his right to restitution in respect of the occupation of the property sold after the invalidation of the sale, a purchaser acting in good faith only has to pay this value from the date of the claim (French Supreme Court 3rd Civil Division 5-12-2024 no. 23-16.270 FS-B).
Real estate law
Legal standing for a non-professional creditor in a compulsory sale of the principal residence of a debtor in compulsory liquidation
A creditor with a charge over real property, to whom the declaration of unseizability of a property belonging to a debtor in compulsory liquidation cannot be set up against, may proceed with its sale on seizure. The non-professional creditor's right to bring an action is recognised because it is not an action to order the debtor to pay a sum of money prohibited by article L. 622-21 of the French Commercial Code (French Supreme Court, Commercial Division, 20 November 2024, F-B, no. 23-19.924).
