This analysis provides an overview of the current state of the EU–Mercosur Agreement and explains the transition from negotiation to ratification, marking the beginning of a new and politically sensitive phase.

Against this background, attention is first devoted to the institutional dimension, where the recent formal authorisation by the EU Council to proceed with the signature of the agreement signals a renewed momentum at EU level, while at the same time leaving unresolved a series of significant political and legal challenges that are likely to shape the forthcoming ratification process.

The analysis then turns to the legal architecture of the agreement, providing a concise analysis of the two legal instruments that together constitute the agreement: the “Interim Trade Agreement” and the “EU–Mercosur Partnership Agreement”. This section delineates briefly the respective scope and objectives of each instrument and underscores their fundamental distinction, the fact that they are subject to two different ratification procedures.

The following section turns to the issue currently at the centre of the political and institutional debate, namely the potential recourse to provisional application. It focuses on the legal basis enabling the early implementation of trade-related provisions, while also examining the reasons why this option continues to give rise to significant controversy. In this context, particular emphasis is placed on concerns expressed by the European Parliament regarding democratic oversight and institutional balance, as well as on the asymmetric nature of the enforcement mechanisms governing trade obligations as compared with those applicable to sustainability- and climate-related commitments.

The discussion continues considering the positions of Member States and economic stakeholders. It outlines the strong support expressed by export-oriented industries, which anticipate rapid and tangible economic gains, alongside persistent resistance from agricultural producers and a few Member States concerned about potential market disruption, regulatory divergence, and adverse environmental effects.

The final section provides a forward-looking evaluation of where political and institutional attention is expected to concentrate in the coming days and months. It points to the role of the European Parliament, including possible legal initiatives and forthcoming approval decisions, as well as to the choices that may be exercised by the Council regarding provisional application.

Going forward, close attention will be required as developments unfold, given that the forthcoming steps are likely to shape the timing, trajectory and long-term political sustainability of the EU–Mercosur Agreement.

INDEX

The Latest Institutional Development The Interim Trade Agreement The EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement The Provisional Application and the position of the EU Parliament The position of the Member States and Industries What to expect

Download the full article

The Latest Institutional Development

After years of intermittent progress, in early 2026 the EU–Mercosur agreement decisively returned at the top of the European agenda.

The last few days have clarified two things at once: institutional momentum is real, as the European Union has formally paved the way for signature, but the most difficult political challenges now lie in the ratification phase, which could still slow or, for some experts, reshape the path to entry into force.

On 9 January 2026, the EU Council approved the signature of the EU–Mercosur comprehensive partnership and trade agreement package which includes:

the Interim Trade Agreement (“iTA”). and the EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement (“EMPA”),

Although both are integral components of the same agreement, these two components will follow different institutional procedures. The trade provisions will advance under EU exclusive competence, while the broader Partnership Agreement has been qualified as a mixed agreement.

In practical terms, under Article 218(6) TFEU, both acts must first be approved by the European Parliament but only the EMPA will also be subject to ratification by all Member States.

This “split approach”, as designed by the Commission and endorsed by the Council, was intended to advance the trade agreement, limiting legal and political friction, but it has also fuelled controversy over provisional application, i.e. the possibility of applying trade provisions before full parliamentary approval.

As a result, the process is still far from concluded.

The Interim Trade Agreement

The Interim Trade Agreement is focused on trade and investment liberalisation. It will operate as a separate agreement until the full EMPA comes into force.

Its main goal is to deliver economic benefits as quickly as possible. Indeed, the agreement provides tariff reductions and new market access for a wide range of goods and services. It also includes measures to facilitate investment and to reduce barriers to cross-border trade in services. Furthermore, it includes rules on government procurement which will allow EU companies to take part in public tenders in Mercosur countries.

Under EU law, the Interim Trade Agreement is considered to fall under the European Union’s exclusive competence. Pursuant to Article 218(8) TFEU, this allowed the Council to decide by qualified majority and removed the need for national ratification at this stage. On this legal basis, the Council decision of 9 January formally authorises the signing of the agreement on behalf of the European Union.

Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and European Council President António Costa are already preparing to travel to Paraguay, which currently holds Mercosur’s rotating presidency, to sign the agreement probably within the end of the week.

Then, while the European Parliament cannot amend the text, it must decide whether to approve or reject it. The vote is expected to be finely balanced, with Members of the European Parliament likely to vote more along national lines than according to political affiliation.

However, ahead of the vote, MEPs are expected to decide whether to request a legal opinion from the Court of Justice of the EU on the legality of the split approach and the classification of the Interim Trade Agreement as falling under EU exclusive competence. The proposal, first tabled in November 2025 by 145 MEPs, was temporarily blocked pending clarification of the Council’s position. Now, the vote could take place during the next plenary session, starting on 19 January. If approved, the request would likely delay ratification, but it would not necessarily prevent the provisional application of the trade provisions, should the Council decide to proceed.

The EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement

The EMPA establishes a single framework for political dialogue, cooperation, and sectoral engagement between the parties, including a trade and investment pillar that will apply once the agreement enters into force. It aims to strengthen cooperation in key areas such as sustainable development, climate action, digital transformation, human rights. Lastly, the agreement promotes closer coordination on global challenges and supports the exchange of best practices, while reinforcing coordination in multilateral fora.

As said, the Partnership Agreement qualifies as a mixed agreement under Article 217 TFEU. It means that, after the EU Parliament vote, the broader partnership elements would require also national ratifications in EU member states.

The Provisional Application and the position of the EU Parliament

The most debated topic in recent days surrounding the EU-Mercosur Agreement concerns the possibility of its provisional application.

After the signature in Paraguay, under Art. 218(5) TFUE, the Council may decide to provisionally apply the Interim Trade Agreement even before the European Parliament has expressed its vote on it.

Provisional application would be a turning point because it allows key market-access commitments, such as tariff reductions, to apply before the whole Agreement is formally concluded and fully ratified.

The EU Parliament still retains the right to approve or reject the deal later but many MEPs fear that putting the agreement into practice first and asking for political approval afterward, would weaken democratic scrutiny.

Moreover, it has been argued that provisional application creates an inherent asymmetry. Economic benefits can take effect quickly, for example through the immediate reduction or elimination of tariffs, and these commitments are supported by strong enforcement mechanisms, including binding dispute settlement and the possibility of trade retaliation. By contrast, sustainability and climate-related commitments, such as labour and environmental standards, are subject to weaker enforcement, as they rely on dialogue and expert-based procedures rather than trade sanctions.

For these reasons, in response to the European Commission’s proposal, the European Parliament adopted, on 16 December, a position focused on strengthening the rules governing the implementation of the trade agreement:

It adopted a position on bilateral safeguard measures aimed at preventing imports from Mercosur countries from causing serious injury to the EU agricultural sector. The approved text allows the EU to temporarily suspend tariff preferences for sensitive agricultural products, notably poultry and beef, originating from Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The Parliament also tightened safeguard activation conditions by lowering import increase thresholds and significantly shortening investigation timelines, enabling faster intervention in cases of market disruption. In addition, it introduced a reciprocity mechanism requiring the Commission to act where credible evidence shows that imports benefiting from tariff preferences do not comply with equivalent EU standards in areas such as environmental protection, animal welfare, food safety or labour conditions. This broadens the legal basis for safeguards beyond purely quantitative market effects.

Finally, on 18 December, Parliament and Council negotiators reached an informal agreement on the main parameters of the safeguard legislation. The provisional compromise clarifies the definition of serious injury, strengthens import- and price-based monitoring thresholds, improves data exchange between Member States and the Commission, and reinforces continuous market surveillance. Although still subject to formal adoption, this agreement aims to significantly increase legal certainty regarding the operation of safeguards once tariff concessions take effect.

However, at the beginning of 2026, the latest Council’s decision, which kept the option of provisional application open, once again fuelled scepticism, as it could be used if Parliament delays ratification by requesting a legal opinion from the Court of Justice of the European Union.

In this context, also Commission officials intervened and tried to reassure the lawmakers that there is no intention to circumvent Parliament and that provisional application would not automatically follow the signature in Paraguay, especially given that the Mercosur countries would also require time to ratify the agreement.

In this particularly tense political and interinstitutional climate, attention is currently focused on the European Parliament, to see whether it will decide to refer the matter to the Court, and, if so, on the Council, to assess whether it will actually make use of the option of provisional application.

The position of the Member States and Industries

Positions among EU member states and economic actors remain sharply divided, largely along sectoral and national lines.

Export-oriented industries across manufacturing, chemicals, automotive components, and agri-food processing broadly support the agreement. For these sectors, the EU–Mercosur deal delivers tangible commercial gains by eliminating high tariffs on EU exports (duties that currently reach up to 35% on products such as car parts and alcoholic beverages) and by reducing non-tariff barriers in a fast-growing South American market. From this perspective, the agreement strengthens EU competitiveness and reinforces supply-chain diversification at a time of global economic fragmentation.

On the other hand, opposition remains strong among agricultural producers and several member states with politically influential farming sectors. France has emerged as the most vocal critic, joined by Italy, Ireland, Poland, Austria and Hungary, all of which have raised concerns about the impact of duty-free quotas granted to Argentina and Brazil for beef, poultry and other sensitive products, like rice and sugar. While Mercosur governments argue that these quotas are limited and commercially modest, many European farmers fear being undercut by imports produced with different rules on animal-welfare and environmental standards. These concerns are heightened by the perception that EU farmers face rising compliance costs linked to pesticide restrictions, animal welfare rules and climate policies.

Nonetheless, some experts pointed out that while European farmers failed to block the EU–Mercosur trade agreement, they ultimately emerged politically stronger. The deal moved forward only after Brussels introduced extensive safeguards and tighter import controls. For example, the EU can suspend tariff-free imports if market disruption occurs. The Commission has also pledged enhanced border controls and new rules to prevent the import of products treated with pesticides banned in the EU. It is also important to consider the large budgetary concessions made to the agriculture industry. In the EU's upcoming long-term budget, the Commission announced a €45 billion budget manoeuvre that would enable Member States to allocate greater funds to farmers. Yet, these assurances have not fully softened opposition from farming unions or from green and left-wing political groups, which continue to warn that the agreement risks accelerating deforestation, both in EU and South America, undermining indigenous rights, and weakening environmental protections.

What to expect

In the immediate term, attention will focus on three closely connected institutional milestones.

First, the signature of the agreement in Paraguay. Second, the spotlight will shift to the European Parliament, whose consent is required to move forward the final approval. It also remains to be seen whether the European Parliament will seek a legal opinion from the Court of Justice, a move that could delay the agreement’s ratification by several months. Third, debate will intensify around the sequencing of implementation, particularly the possibility of provisional application of the trade provisions while waiting for full ratification of the broader Partnership Agreement. 

Taken together, these steps suggest that while EU–Mercosur has decisively moved beyond diplomatic stagnation, its future now lays less on negotiation and more on domestic politics and legal strategies.

 

Follow us on LinkedIn

 Discover Our Team

Bruxelles Team

Download the full article

1. Introduction to Mercosur

The Southern Common Market, commonly known by the Spanish abbreviation Mercosur, is a regional trade bloc founded in 1991 that currently includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

The goal of Mercosur is that of promoting free trade and economic integration among its members, as well as between its members and third countries. For this purpose, Mercosur enters into specific bilateral agreements, called Economic Complementation Agreements (ACE), such as those entered by other South American countries like Peru, Chile, Colombia and Mexico. Such agreements generally entail tariff reductions on goods traded between the signatory countries, rules of origin, and trade facilitation measures, including customs procedures and dispute resolution mechanisms.

Interestingly, Mercosur:

has 268 million consumers (not considering ACE countries); accounts for approximately 70% of South America’s GDP; and its key sectors of production include (i) agriculture (meat, dairy products and fruits); (ii) industry (automotive and machinery) and (iii) services (financial, telecommunications and IT). 2. The relations between Mercosur and the European Union until now

Mercosur is a big market for EU exports and, until now, it was the only major trading partner in Latin America with which the EU lacked a preferential trade agreement. At the same time, the EU is Mercosur’s second-biggest good trading partner, after China and ahead of the United States.

The thriving nature of the trade relations between Mercosur and the EU is represented in the following table.

EUMercosurTrade in Goods (2023)Exports to Mercosur: €55.7 billionExports to EU: €53.7 billionTrade in Services (2022)Exports to Mercosur: €28.2 billionExports to EU: €12.3 billionTop Export CategoriesMachinery and appliances (26.7%)Chemicals and pharmaceuticals (25%)Transport equipment (11.9%)Mineral products(29.6%)Foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco (19.2%)Vegetable products (17.9%)

Despite the above, Mercosur’s economies are highly protected, and European firms face many trade barriers when exporting there, which makes it hard for them to compete under fair conditions. These barriers include, among other, high import duties, burdensome procedures, as well as technical regulations and standards, which differ from international ones.

3. The EU-Mercosur Agreement

The negotiations for a comprehensive trade agreement between the EU and Mercosur were launched in June 1999. After a suspension, talks resumed in 2010. The protracted negotiations gained renewed momentum in 2016, and, in 2019, the European Union and Mercosur concluded the talks following new tariff-reduction offers.

Eventually, on December 6, 2024, both parties reached a political agreement to enhance the deal and address concerns related to sustainable development (the “EU-Mercosur Agreement” or more generally the “Agreement”).

The Agreement, which is composed of a political and cooperation pillar and a trade pillar, has not come into force yet. The conclusion of negotiations marks only the first step in the process toward finalizing the Agreement (see, Section 5 below).

In terms of content, the Agreement addresses several issues. Its key themes include:

Market Access – The Agreement foresees significant reductions in tariffs, especiallyin key sectors (like those of automobiles, chemicals, and raw materials), with a focus on supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Services – To open new opportunities for growth and enhance competition, broader access will be granted to service providers across industries such as telecommunications, financial services, and transport. Sustainability and Environment – In the context of their shared environmental goals, both parties reaffirmed their commitment to the Paris Agreement, with specific attention to deforestation and sustainable trade practices. The Agreement could also be suspended if these goals are not met. Agriculture and Food – One of the most pressing issues is the regulation of agricultural products, a pivotal area that influences not only the future of EU farmers but also the protection of sensitive sectors and the safeguarding of rigorous food safety standards. Rules of origin and Intellectual Property – To safeguard respective products and sensitive markets, the Agreement regulates the protection of Geographical Indications (e.g. Parmesan and Champagne) and the harmonization of technical standards. It also enhances intellectual property protections. Government Procurement – With the aim of creating new opportunities and a stronger collaboration, the two blocs are opening government procurement markets, enabling companies to bid for public contracts in each other’s regions. Social Rights – The parties assessed the economic, social, and human rights impacts of the Agreement’s trade provisions, ensuring that neither side can promote trade or investment by ignoring or failing to enforce labour laws and social impacts. Dispute Resolution – The commitments on Trade and Sustainable Development will be enforceable through a dispute settlement mechanism involving an independent panel of experts, civil society participation (including employers and trade unions), and the expertise of international bodies. Economic and Political Cooperation – Political dialogue and cooperation will be further strengthened in areas such as migration, green technologies, raw material sourcing, research, and the fight against money laundering and cybercrime. Review and Monitoring –Regular reviews of the Agreement’s impact are to be conducted, incorporating stakeholder input to ensure transparency and facilitate progress.

The most significant key issues under the Agreement are (i) tariff reductions and their implementation timelines (see Sub-Section 3.1 below); (ii) sustainability and environmental protection commitments (see Sub-Section 3.2 below); and (iii) changes in services and professional mobility (see Sub-Section 3.3 below).

3.1. What types of tariff reductions are provided for under the Agreement?

Mercosur’s starting tariff levels are considerable[1] and EU tariffs are also very high, especially on agri-food products[2]. Therefore, EU-Mercosur Agreement establishes a tariff elimination schedule, gradually liberalizing trade across various sectors with specific timelines and percentages for different products.

Generally, the Agreement eliminates tariffs on more than 90% of bilateral trade. Under the Agreement, the EU would indeed remove import duties on 92% of Mercosur goods exported to the EU, while  Mercosur would eliminate customs duties on 91% of EU goods exports to Mercosur.

Under the Agreement, depending on the product type, tariff reductions are implemented in the form of (i) immediate tariff eliminations (i.e. elimination within the first year); (ii)    gradual reductions (i.e. reduction over a period of 4 to 10 years); or (iii) quota reductions (i.e., phased-in reductions over periods ranging from 5 to 10 years depending on the product).

For example:

Industrial Goods – The EU will eliminate duties on all industrial goods over a transitional period of up to 10 years. Tariffs on EU cars and automotive parts will be eliminated over a period of 18, 25, and 30 years, depending on the specific product, making it easier for European firms to export to Mercosur countries. Agricultural Products – The EU will liberalize 82% of Mercosur agricultural imports and Mercosur will remove tariffs on 93% of tariff lines for EU exports. For some products, the Agreement introduces tariff rate quotas (TRQs), allowing a specified volume of imports at reduced tariff rates. Once these quotas are filled, the standard tariffs will apply.

High tariffs on EU agri-food exports will be removed. This includes key products like olive oil, wine, malt. For some dairy products, zero duties will gradually apply within quotas. The EU will grant very limited access to its market to imports of agri-food products. For sensitive products like beef, poultry or sugar, access to the EU market will be limited through gradually implemented quotas (beef: a quota of 99,000 tonnes, subject to a 7.5% duty; poultry: quota of 180,000 tonnes, phased in over five years; sugar: duty-free quota of 180,000 tonnes).

Lastly, a bilateral safeguard clause can be applied in case increased imports cause or even only threaten to cause serious injury to the relevant sectors.

Raw materials – The deal will lower EU tariffs on critical raw materials and their processed products, making exports to the EU easier and imports cheaper. It will also eliminate tariff escalation, incentivizing Mercosur to develop local production of value-added products. Brazil will retain some taxes on exports of certain materials, but the EU would benefit from a ceiling on them. For Argentina, all export taxes on minerals are waived. 3.2. What are the sustainability and environmental protection commitments included in the Agreement?

Under the Agreement, with regards to sustainability and environmental protection, the EU and Mercosur:

Commit to implementing the United Nations Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement on climate change, with possible suspension of benefits if a party does not do so. Undertake to support existing climate and environmental standards and not lower or dilute them. The Agreement prohibits either side from encouraging trade and investment by derogations from or not enforcing environmental laws. Commit to promote sustainable fisheries and sustainable forest management, among others. The deal will also open opportunities for supply chains of products that are produced in a way that helps conserve the environment.

The commitments on trade and sustainable development will be enforceable through a dispute settlement mechanism that includes (i) external review by an independent panel of experts, (ii) role for civil society at all stages, and (iii) calling on the expertise of international bodies.

3.3. What will the Agreement mean for services and investments?

The Agreement will make it easier for EU companies to offer their services in Mercosur and vice versa, whether by setting up locally or providing services across borders. Additionally, it will reduce discrimination and create new opportunities for service providers and investors from both regions.

Many sectors, such as business services, financial services, telecommunications, maritime transport, and postal and courier services, are expected to benefit from these measures.

The EU and Mercosur will still regulate their service markets fairly and without discrimination and the Agreement will not liberalize public services like healthcare or state-funded education. Furthermore, it will ensure that regulators, both foreign and domestic, can continue to establish and enforce non-discriminatory rules to protect health, safety, the environment, and consumers while ensuring high-quality services and workers’ rights.

4.The Economic Impact Expected to Originate from the Agreement

The EU-Mercosur Agreement is expected to significantly increase bilateral trade by up to 37% in the long term, while the negative effect on trade with other regions will be limited[3]. Several studies have assessed the Agreement’s impact on GDP, with one predicting a €10.9 billion increase for the EU (0.1% of GDP) and a €7.4 billion one for MERCOSUR (0.3% of GDP) by 2032[4].

4.1. What are the benefits for European companies investing under the Agreement?

European companies stand to gain several advantages from the Agreement, namely:

Significant cost savings – The removal of high Mercosur tariffs will result in over €4 billion in annual savings on customs duties for EU exporters. Streamlined exports – The immediate tariff elimination for approximately 70% of goods will facilitate smoother market entry. Moreover, simplified and more efficient customs procedures will reduce administrative burdens and improve the speed of trade. Access to a large market – The Agreement will open access to a combined market of more than 700 million consumers (Mercosur and EU together), enhancing opportunities for expansion. Support for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) – The Agreement includes a section focused on helping SMEs with the specific challenges they face in trade and investment. This is important, as over 30,000 European SMEs currently export to Mercosur, and this number is likely to increase due to easier market access. Equal access to public contracts – EU companies will be able to bid for public contracts on the same terms as Mercosur businesses. Sector-specific opportunities – The Agreement will open substantial opportunities for EU companies in key sectors such as the automotive industry. Employment and economic growth – Increased foreign investments are expected to drive job creation and economic development. Encouragement of strategic investments – The Agreement will promote investments in South America’s infrastructure and sustainable technologies, creating new opportunities for European companies. Political and strategic advantages – The Agreement will fortify political and economic relations with Latin America, offering a strategic response to rising global protectionism. It will ensure long-term stability by preventing discriminatory trade practices and creating a more predictable and secure environment for both EU and Mercosur businesses. 4.2. What are the benefits for medium-sized European companies partnering with Mercosur firms?

In addition to the benefits already mentioned, medium-sized European companies partnering with Mercosur firms will also gain a range of additional advantages:

Full access to resources – The Agreement provides preferential access to critical raw materials and green goods, strengthening supply chains and competitiveness. Stronger competitiveness – Improved standards in areas such as intellectual property and environmental protection ensure compliance and predictability, while investment incentives promote local operations, boosting competitiveness. Opportunities for collaboration and innovation – The Agreement encourages joint ventures with local companies, leading to innovative products tailored for local markets. Support for sustainable practices – By aligning with sustainability goals, the Agreement helps enhance brand reputation and strengthens the corporate social responsibility profile. 5. The ratification process and the entry into force of the Agreement

The ratification process for the EU-Mercosur Agreement involves several complex stages. Specifically:

, after initial approval, the Agreement must be ratified by the parliaments of all four Mercosur countries (i.e., Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay) as each country has its own legislative process. , the process is more complex.

The text of the Agreement was published on the European Commission’s website, and it will now be checked by lawyer linguists and translatedinto all official EU languages.

Then, the Commission will transmit a proposal to the Council (where EU countries are represented by their Trade Ministers) and the Parliament for the signature and conclusion of the Agreement. This stage requires a qualified majority: 55% of Member States (15) representing at least 65% of the EU population must be in favour. It means that a minimum of four States representing at least 35% of the EU population could block the Agreement.

Lastly, the Agreement must be ratified by the national parliaments of all 27 EU member states.

The legal structure of any final EU-Mercosur deal, and therefore the ratification procedure, will be decided only after the negotiations between the EU Institutions are completed. Two main models are likely to be used:

In the most optimistic scenario, the full ratification process is expected to take between 12 to 18 months as of the signing date, which is not known yet. However, delays are a frequent challenge in trade agreements. To put it into perspective, it took about nine years for the agreement between the European Union and Canada to be fully ratified from its signing in 2014 until final approvals were completed in 2023. For the purpose of clarity, signing an international treaty does not give it any legal force, only its ratification does.

6. The Challenges and Opposition Faced by the Agreement

The EU-Mercosur Agreement was reached in December 2024, but there are still significant challenges and obstacles before it can take effect. Along the complex signing and ratification process, political tensions in EU play a critical role. Indeed, some EU countries are concerned about the impact on local industries (especially agriculture) and the environment, and this is leading to political divisions. These divisions could make the ratification process more difficult and may result in further delays.

6.1. What are the political tensions originated by the Agreement inside the EU?

The Agreement has caused major political tensions within the European Union. Specifically:

Supporters – The European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen, Germany and Spain strongly support the Agreement, which would diversify trade and strengthen their economies, seeing it as an important achievement and a geopolitical win.

The Agreement is expected to bolster the German automotive sector (Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes-Benz) and chemicals industry (companies like Bayer), by reducing tariffs and opening markets in South America.

Spain is predicted to gain from the deal, with its manufacturing, chemicals, and pharmaceutical sectors benefitting. Exports are expected to grow by 37%, boosting GDP by 0.23% and creating jobs.

Critics – Numerous aspects of the deal have given rise to objections, but two issues stand out: farming and the environment. France is strongly against it since it worries that cheap imports, like poultry and beef, could harm its farmers. Paris has gathered support from other countries, including Poland, Austria, and Ireland (the latter is the fifth-largest beef exporter in the world), to block the deal unless certain conditions are met. The Netherlands and Belgium have only expressed reservations about the deal.

European farmers (particularly from France, Ireland, Belgium and Poland) fear unfair competition, especially from beef, poultry, and sugar imports, which could be produced at lower costs in Mercosur countries, where food safety, animal welfare, and environmental regulations are less stringent. The stricter EU standards make farmers in the EU face higher costs. They also point out that cattle in Mercosur countries may be treated with hormones or chemicals that are banned in the EU. There are also concerns about the possible environmental effects of the deal, especially related to deforestation in the Amazon rainforest because of the higher demand for products like beef and soy.

Middle Ground – Italy stands in the middle, acknowledging potential benefits for industries like automotive, engineering, fashion, and regional foods (e.g. Parmesan cheese). However, there are also concerns regarding the broader economic implications, especially for sectors that could face competition from the Agreement. Remarkably, Italy, as a large EU Member State, could have enough voting power to stop the Agreement or allow it to prosper at the European level. 6.2.  What strategies are being considered to facilitate ratification?

The Commission is examining the opportunity of splitting the EU-Mercosur Agreement into two separate agreements: one covering only the areas of exclusive EU competence and the other covering areas of mixed competence with Member States[5].

In Mercosur’s case, the EU might consider separating the political and cooperation agreement, including issues like labour standards, the environment, and transport, from the main trade agreement that would require only a simple majority for approval. The idea is to approve the parts within the exclusive EU competence, allowing some trade benefits to be enjoyed sooner.

However, splitting the Agreement could weaken the deal’s overall impact and ambition. Also, Mercosur might not agree to splitting the deal and may prefer a single, comprehensive agreement.

7. Conclusions

Mercosur is a dynamic economic bloc, and the EU-Mercosur Agreement represents a significant opportunity for EU and Mercosur companies to expand their business operations in Latin America, respectively Europe.

As a short summary of things, if and when fully ratified, the Agreement will remove over 90% of tariffs between the two regions, offering annual savings of €4 billion, particularly benefiting sectors like automotive, machinery, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. It also encourages investments in infrastructure and sustainable technologies, thereby enhancing competitiveness across various sectors. Finally, the Agreement is also a pioneering deal for sustainability, with commitments to combat climate change, deforestation, and uphold workers’ rights.

In summary, the combination of market access, cost savings, and potential for growth makes investing in Mercosur an attractive option for European companies looking to diversify their operations and capitalize on emerging opportunities in a rapidly evolving global landscape.

Useful links

Text of the Agreement: link

European Commission website on EU-Mercosur Agreement: link

Questions and answers on the EU-Mercosur Agreement: link

Factsheets and guides on the EU-Mercosur Agreement: link

Sincere gratitude is extended to José María Allonca, Leticia Mariz Schweizer,

Stefano Bianchi, and Chiara Pieraccini for their significant contribution to this informative document

[1] The tariffs are up to 35% on automobiles, 18% on components, 20% on machinery, 18% on chemicals, 14% on pharmaceuticals and 35% on clothing and footwear; in agriculture, up to 28% on dairy products, 25% on beverages and soft drinks, 27% on wines and 20% on confectionery.

[2] For instance, the EU tariffs are, up to 35% on wines, 20% on alcoholic beverages, and compound tariffs equivalent to an ad valorem rate of up to 62% on out-of-quota meat.

[3] Real Instituto Elcano. (2020). Why does Latin America matter? Elcano Royal Institute. Available at: link.

[4] LSE Consulting. (2020). Sustainability Impact Assessment in support of the Association Agreement negotiations between the EU and Mercosur: Final report. London School of Economics and Political Science. Available at: link.

[5] Martin, D., & Ford, G. (2025, January 15). Commission plans for Mercosur deal split may not pass Parliament test. Borderlex. Available at: link.

GA-Alliance è lieta di invitarLa alla tavola rotonda in occasione della presentazione del libro "Governare le fragilità. Istituzioni, sicurezza nazionale, competitività".

L’incontro si terrà a Napoli, lunedì 30 giugno alle ore 17:00, presso la sede GA-Alliance a Palazzo Donn'Anna in via Posillipo 9.

Ne discuteranno con l'autore Bernardo Giorgio Mattarella, Of Counsel GA-Alliance: 

Andrea Annunziata, Commissario Autorità di Sistema Portuale del Mare Tirreno Centrale Roberto Barbieri, Amministratore Delegato G.E.S.A.C. Paolo Carbone, Presidente Metropolitana di Napoli Michele Di Bari, Prefetto di Napoli Francesco Greco, Generale di Corpo d’Armata, Comandante Interregionale dell’Italia Meridionale della Guardia di Finanza Costanzo Jannotti Pecci, Cavaliere del lavoro, Presidente dell’Unione Industriali di Napoli Angelo Lancellotti, Presidente ACEN Giorgio Martellino, Presidente A.I.G.I. - Associazione Italiana Giuristi d’Impresa Francesco Sciaudone, Managing Partner GA-Alliance Francesco Urraro, Vice Presidente Consiglio di Presidenza al Consiglio di Stato

A conclusione dell'incontro, seguirà cocktail.

Per ragioni organizzative, La preghiamo di confermare la presenza cliccando sul pulsante qui sotto e compilando il breve form di registrazione.

Registrati

The Institute for European Policy Making @ Bocconi University (IEP@BU) is glad to invite you to attend an informal Workshop on:RULES THAT EMPOWER - Turning EU Digital Regulation into a Catalyst for Innovationthat will take place on Wednesday, July 2nd 2025 from 17.00 to 18.30, at GA-Alliance (Bd Charlemagne 23, 1000 Bruxelles).The starting point for the discussion is the IEP@BU Report, by a group of researchers from Bocconi University and Toulouse School of Economics under the coordination of prof. Francesco Decarolis.The digital landscape of Europe is currently undergoing significant technological and regulatory transformations. The primary challenges for the European Union lie in promoting an EU-based tech sector while managing major global trends such as the influence of dominant platforms, the rapid development of artificial intelligence, the advent of decentralized business networks, and the spread of dual-use technologies. The full report is available on the IEP@BU websiteWe kindly ask you to confirm your participation in the Workshop by June 25th, 2025 at this link.The workshop is organized in collaboration with GA-Alliance.At the end of the workshop, you are warmly invited to attend an informal networking cocktail at GA-Alliance (GA) as our welcome guest.

Register

View more

Regolamento EUDR: GA-Alliance al fianco delle imprese per affrontare i nuovi obblighi normativi

Il prossimo 25 giugno 2025, dalle 17:00 alle 17:45, si terrà un webinar gratuito dal titolo "Regolamento EUDR: obblighi e aziende interessate", organizzato in collaborazione con Tecno Group.

Il webinar si propone di offrire alle imprese un quadro chiaro delle nuove responsabilità introdotte dal Regolamento europeo contro la deforestazione e il degrado forestale (EUDR), in vigore dal 30 dicembre 2025.

Il nostro Partner Andrea Iurato interverrà per illustrare:

quali imprese e filiere rientrano nel perimetro del Regolamento; quali obblighi specifici sono previsti per garantire la tracciabilità delle materie prime lungo la catena di fornitura.

Il focus sarà sulle materie prime interessate (legno, cacao, caffè, soia, palma da olio, gomma, bovini) e sui derivati che impatteranno i processi aziendali e le politiche di sostenibilità.

Un’occasione preziosa per orientarsi e arrivare preparati alla scadenza normativa.

Regolamento EUDRDownload

Dalle analisi legali alle testimonianze aziendali, dalle soluzioni tecnologiche ai workshop interattivi: l’EUDR Impact Day di osapiens a Milano vi guiderà passo dopo passo verso la conformità e una filiera sostenibile.

Un’occasione unica per confrontarsi con esperti del settore, scoprire l’integrazione con i sistemi ERP, le best practice per lo scambio di dati e la soluzione osapiens HUB for EUDR.

Siamo lieti di annunciare che il nostro partner Andrea Iurato parteciperà come speaker all’evento “EUDR Impact Day Italy”, organizzato da Osapiens il prossimo 24 giugno 2025 a Milano.

L’iniziativa rappresenta un’importante occasione di confronto sul nuovo Regolamento UE contro la deforestazione (EUDR) e sul suo impatto per le imprese attive in Europa. L’evento riunirà esperti, rappresentanti del mondo imprenditoriale e operatori del settore legale per approfondire gli obblighi normativi e le sfide operative connesse all’implementazione del regolamento.

Scopri di più

GA-Alliance è lieta di ospitare la tavola rotonda in occasione della presentazione del libro "Governare le fragilità. Istituzioni, sicurezza nazionale, competitività".

L’incontro si terrà a Milano, lunedì 16 giugno alle ore 17:30, presso la sede GA in Corso Europa 12.

Ne discuteranno con l'autore Bernardo Giorgio Mattarella, Of Counsel GA: 

Giuseppe Argirò, CEO C.V.A. Antonella Baldino, CEO Credito Sportivo (tbc) Giuseppe Castagna, CEO Banco BPM Luca Dal Fabbro, Presidente Iren Stefano Lucchini, Presidente American Chamber of Commerce in Italy Nicola Maione, Presidente MPS Luca Peyrano, CEO Cerved Francesco Sciaudone, Managing Partner GA Ezio Simonelli, Presidente Lega Calcio Serie A

La tavola rotonda sarà moderata da Ferruccio De Bortoli, Corriere della Sera.

A conclusione dell'incontro, seguirà cocktail.

Per ragioni organizzative, La preghiamo di confermare la presenza cliccando sul pulsante qui sotto e compilando il breve form di registrazione.

Registrati

TAVOLA ROTONDA IN OCCASIONE DELLA PRESENTAZIONE DEL LIBRO “GOVERNARE LE FRAGILITÀ”

Ne discutono con l’autore Bernardo Giorgio Mattarella, Of Counsel GA-Alliance:

Stefano Donnarumma, AD e Direttore Generale Gruppo FS Italiane Salvatore Luongo, Comandante Generale dell’Arma dei Carabinieri Nicola Maione, Presidente MPS Lorenzo Mariani, AD e Direttore Generale, MBDA Italia Francesco Sciaudone, Managing Partner GA Ezio Simonelli, Presidente Lega Calcio Serie A Carmine Volpe, Presidente aggiunto del Consiglio di StatoModerati da Nicola Porro Registrati

Siamo lieti di comunicare che il nostro Managing Partner, Avv. Francesco Sciaudone, parteciperà in qualità di relatore al convegno nel panel dal titolo “Crisi d’impresa e riforme del Codice della Crisi (CCII): a che punto siamo?”, organizzato dall’Ordine dei Dottori Commercialisti e degli Esperti Contabili di Milano in collaborazione con l’Ordine degli Avvocati di Milano.

📍 Martedì 13 maggio 2025📍 Palazzo di Giustizia di Milano – Aula Magna, Via Freguglia 1

L’Avv. Sciaudone interverrà nella sesta sessione, dal titolo “Crisi d’impresa, necessità di un correttivo quater al CCII?”, al fianco di autorevoli esperti del settore, tra cui accademici, magistrati e rappresentanti delle istituzioni. L’intervento offrirà una prospettiva legale sullo stato dell’arte e sulle prospettive di evoluzione della normativa italiana in materia di crisi d’impresa, con particolare attenzione alla sostenibilità economica e alla salvaguardia del valore occupazionale.

L’evento, che riconosce 8 crediti formativi professionali (CFP) per gli iscritti ODCEC, rappresenta un’importante occasione di confronto tra professionisti e istituzioni su uno dei temi centrali del diritto commerciale e fallimentare.Maggiori informazioni disponibili sul sito dell’ODCEC di Milano: www.odcec.mi.it